A Cultural History of Medical Vitalism in Enlightenment Montpellier (The History of Medicine in Context)

One of the key themes of the Enlightenment was the search for universal laws and truths that would help illuminate the workings of the universe. It is in such attitudes that we trace the origins of modern science and medicine. However, not all 18th-century scientists and physicians believed that such universal laws could be found, particularly in relation to the differences between living and inanimate matter. From the 1740s physicians working in the University of Medicine of Montpellier began to contest Descartes's dualist concept of the body-machine that was being championed by leading Parisian medical "mechanists". In place of the body-machine perspective that sought laws universally valid for all phenomena, the vitalists postulated a distinction being living and other matter, offering a holistic understanding of the physical-moral relation in place of mind-body dualism. Their medicine was not based on mathematics and the unity of the sciences, but on observation of the individual patient and the harmonious activities of the "body-economy". Vitalists believed that illness was a result of disharmony in this "body-economy" which could only be remedied on an individual level depending on the patient's own "natural" limitations. The limitations were established by a myriad of factors such as sex, class, age, temperament, region and race, which negated the use of a single universal treatment for a particular ailment. Ultimately Montpellier medicine was eclipsed by that of Paris, a development linked to the dynamics of the Enlightenment as a movement bent on cultural centralisation, acquiring a reputation as a kind of anti-science of the exotic and the mad. This study seeks to give Montpellier vitalism the attention it deserves by historians.