Aid to survey practice for reference in surveying, levelling, and setting out

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1880 Excerpt: ... case in figure 25 the side-width=-+-(k+-). 2 g-A 2gJ In this case the ground slopes away from the formation level. A reversed figure would do for a corresponding case in embankment. In the third case in figure 25 the side-width =-+A/a--V 2 g-A 2gJ In this case the ground slopes towards the formation levels as it recedes from the centre line. A reversed figure would do for a corresponding embankment. In the fourth case in figure 25 the side-width =-+ J£j---h). In this case the ground line intersects the formation level at D, and £D = h. The reverse of this figure would be a corresponding case, more in embankment and less in cutting. The land-breadths, which include the side-widths and additional land for hedge or ditch, are marked on the plan and set on the ground accordingly when required. The area of land taken up may be obtained from the plan by planimeter measurement. The Working Section-Book.--In former practice it was customary to enter in the Working Section-Book a mass of information and data which is now more often entered on folded tracings of working plans and sections for use in the field. The information now given in Working Section-Books, when used, is limited to some of the data mentioned in the headings of the following form; six of these columns are generally on one leaf, and the seventh on the opposite leaf of the book. out work of this description differs from the ordinary setting-out of roads and railways in that no preconceived design or plan can be exactly adhered to on account of the difficulties of the ground; in such cases the surveying and setting-out proceed nearly simultaneously with but little assistance from plans, hence the elements of design enter largely into work of this sort. It is necessary first to go over the ...