Railroad Construction

PREFACE This booli had its bcginning in somc notes on railroad construction which were first prepared about twenty-five years ago and were issued in mimeograph form for the use of students in the College of Civil Engineering at Cornell University. These notes have required frequent revision in order to keep them abreast of ever changing practice, but so much has been done in the last few years in the direction of standardizing construction that the time now seems opportune for enlarging them into a book for general use. The discussions in engineering associations and in the technical papers have done much to stimulate interest and develop effort. They have also tended to standardize practice by suggesting to each engineer the adoption of the good features of the standards of other railroads, which were improvements upon and applicable to his own road. The method adopted by the American Railway Engineering Association of assigning topics to committees for investigation and report, the report to be presented at the annual convention for genera1 discussion, has accomplished much in this direction. In this work an attempt has been made to present to the reader glimpses of the field and to impress upon him something of the , spirit of the work. It is hoped that problems, such as will awaken interest and suggest the viewpoint of the engineer, will be freely used in teaching the subject. The references should then stimulate the student to do outside reading and aid the busy young engineer in obtaining spccial information in handling work. ITHACA N. , Y., January, 1913. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 J General-Estimates-Outline of Construction-Right of Way-Clearing and Grubbing-Classification-Shrinkage-Pay Quantities Mass Diagram-Overhaul. CHAPTER I1 EARTHWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 General Methods-Analysis of Cost-Loosening-Shoveling-Spreading and Dressing-Iieeping Roads and Gangways in Order - Superintendence, Timekeeping and Water Carrying-Wheelbarrows-Drag Scrapers-Freeno Scrapers-Wheel Scrapers-Xfaney Scrapers-Elevating Graders-Carts-Wagons-Steam Shovels-Analysis of Cost, Big Shoal Cut-off-Steam Shovels for Light Work-Drag Line Excavators-Hauling with Cars and Dinkey Locomotives-Hauling with Cars and Horses-Steam Shovel and Standard Equipmcnt. CHAPTER 111 ROCKE XCAVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 General RIethods-Drilling, General-Hand Drilling-Jov-er-Piston Drills-Air Hammer Drills-Well Drilling Rlachines-Rotary Drills-Explosivcs-Principles of Blasting-Loading and Hauling. CIIAPTER IV TUNNELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S7 Location-Examination of Site-General Methods of Excavation - Classification-Form of Section and Lining-Tunnels through Hard Rock-European Examples-American Examples-ILtes of Progress-Cost of Rock Tunnels-Tunnels through Loose Ground-The Belgian Method-The Baltimore Belt Railroad Tunnel-The English Method-The Austrian Method-The Pilot Method-The Cut and Cover Method-Submarine Tunneling-The Shield Method-The St. Clair River Tunnel-The Subaqueous Section of the Detroit River Tunnel-The New York Tunnel Extension of the Pennsylvania Railroad-Tunnel Ventilation. vii ... v111 CONTENTS CIIAPTER V F MASONRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Masonry, General-Quarrying Stone-Dressing Stone-Jlortar-Laying Stone--Concrete, Proportions and Materials-Concrete, Mixing and Placing-Concrete Forms and Reinforcement. CHAPTER V1 FOUNDATION . S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...