This accessible history of contemporary Islam examines the political environment, life and works of those nineteenth and twentieth century thinkers who believed in Islam's capacity to solve the problems of the modern world and to restore the self-respect and influence of Middle Eastern societies. It provides a balanced account of their contribution to contemporary revolutionary Islam and to political developments in countries from Morocco to Indonesia. The book explains the roots of diverse movements in Islamic society, illustrates the breadth and heterogeneity of Islamic thought, dispels notions of a homogeneous Islamic revival, and reveals the motivations of those who have reshaped the political vocabulary of Islam.