Mental models can help students: Translate information from the, abstract to the concrete Learn abstract information more, quickly, Hold abstract information in their head, Sort information Understand the why of things Understand a discipline or field of study, Understand the structure, purpose, or pattern of a body of knowledge The mental models in this book are presented primarily as: Stories (cartoons, short stories, vignettes), Pictures (two-dimensional visual representations), Analogies, Metaphors