This book is a comprehensive look at the architectures and their origin in the 20th century. Since its publication in 1980, it has become a classic in the field. When the book was republished in 1985, the author amended to it and added new contents. This third version conducts expansion on the second edition, complements the latest contents and investigates currently especially important fields and arguments. The references of this book also are re-examined and revised and expanded.