Computer Organisation and Architecture

Basic Structure of Computers Functional units - Basic operational concepts - Bus structures - Performance and metrics - Instructions and instruction sequencing - Hardware - Software interface - Instruction set architecture - Addressing modes - RISC - CISC. ALU design - Fixed point and floating point operations. Basic Processing Unit Fundamental concepts - Execution of a complete instruction - Multiple bus organization - Hardwired control - Micro programmed control - Nano programming. Pipelining Basic concepts - Data hazards - Instruction hazards - Influence on instruction sets - Data path and control considerations - Performance considerations - Exception handling. Memory System Basic concepts - Semiconductor RAM - ROM - Speed - Size and cost - Cache memories - Improving cache performance - Virtual memory - Memory management requirements - Associative memories - Secondary storage devices. I/O Organization Accessing I/O devices - Programmed input/output - Interrupts - Direct memory access - Buses - Interface circuits - Standard I/O interfaces (PCI, SCSI, USB), I/O devices and processors.