Pulse & Digital Circuits

Linear Wave Shaping High pass and low pass RC circuits and their response for sinusoidal, Step, Pulse, Square and ramp inputs, High pass RC network as differentiator, Low pass RC circuit as an integrator, Attenuators and its application as a CRO probe, RL and RLC circuits and their response for step input, Ringing circuit. Non-Linear Wave Shaping Diode clippers, Transistor clippers, Clipping at two independent levels, Comparators, Applications of voltage comparators, Clamping operation, Clamping circuit taking source and diode resistances into account, Clamping circuits theorem, Practical clamping circuits, Effect of diode characteristics on clamping voltage, Synchronized clamping. Switching Characteristics of Devices Diode as a switch, Piecewise linear diode characteristics, Diode switching times, Transistor as a switch, Break down voltages, Transistor in saturation, Temperature variation of saturation parameters, Transistor-switching times, Silicon-controlled switch circuits. Multivibrators Analysis and design of bistable, Monostable, Astable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using transistors. Time Base Generators General features of a time base signal, Methods of generating time base waveform, Miller and bootstrap time base generators - Basic principles, Transistor Miller time base generator, Transistor bootstrap time base generator, Transistor current time base generators, Methods of linearity improvement. Sampling Gates Basic operating principles of sampling gates, Unidirectional and bidirectional sampling gates, Four diode sampling gate, Reduction of pedestal in gate circuit, Six diode gate, Application of sampling gates. Synchronization and Frequency Division Pulse synchronization of relaxation devices, Frequency division in sweep circuit, Stability of relaxation devices, Astable relaxation circuits, Monostable relaxation circuits, Synchronization of a sweep circuit with symmetrical signals, Sine wave frequency division with a sweep circuit, A sinusoidal divider using regeneration and modulation. Realization of Logic Gates using Diodes and Transistors AND, OR and NOT gates using diodes and transistors, DCTL, RTL, DTL, TTL and CML logic families and its comparison.