THE QUANTIZED SPACE. A model of the Universe - Big Bang, Dark matter and dark energy, Time and Space, Black hole

CONTENTS

Foreword
THE POINT. QUANTIZING SPACE AND TIME
On complementary space
BIRTH OF THE UNIVERSE
STATES AND INTERSTATES
EXPANSION SCENARIO
A MODEL OF THE POINT IN SPACE
THE EMERGENCE OF PHOTONS
The energy and mass carried by a photon
On the mass of photons
The emission and absorbtion of photons by atoms
On the electrical charge of photons
ON EINSTEIN'S SECOND PRINCIPLE
THE EMERGENCE OF MATTER IN THE FORM OF SUBSTANCE. QUARKS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
MASS, MATTER AND ANTI-MATTER
THE MOVEMENT OF A PARTICLE
THE PRIMARY INTERACTION
THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
THE GRAVITATIONAL INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO BODIES
The case of two field sources that consist of matter
The case of two field sources that consist of anti-matter
The case of two field sources, of which one consists of matter and the other consists of anti-matter
THE UNIFORM MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE. THE ASSOCIATED WAVE
MASS IN THE UNIVERSE
THE BLACK MASS
THE UNIVERSE AND THE ANTI-UNIVERSE. THE GREAT SEPARATION
Possible explanation for the Great Separation between the universe and the anti-universe
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS THAT ARE HIDDEN INSIDE OF A POINT
THE CURVATURE OF THE HYPER-SPHERE
PRIVILEGED FRAMES OF REFERENCE IN THE n-DIMENSIONAL
THE DIMENSION GAME
THE MUSIC OF THE SPHERES
POINTS AND INTERACTIONS
THE ELECTRIC CHARGE. THE ELECTRIC FIELD
The polarization of space quanta
The electric charge and its quantization
THE ELECTRIC FIELD
The case of a single source of electric field
The interaction between two electric charges
THE INTENSITY OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD. THE LAW OF GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION
THE INTENSITY OF ELECTRIC FIELDS. COULOMB'S LAW
THE MAGNETIC FIELD
THE LORENTZ FORCE
ON NUCLEAR FORCES
ON WEAK FORCES
THE REFRACTION OF LIGHT
THE SPACE CURVATURE THAT A GRAVITATIONAL FIELD GENERATES
THE BLACK HOLE
THE STRUCTURE OF A BLACK HOLE
THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT
The case of incident rays coming from a thinner space
The case of incident rays in a denser space
EXITING THE ABSURD
HUMANS, THE RESPONSIBLE BEINGS

UNPUBLISHED ARTICLES
TIME AND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSE
BETWEEN THE POSITIVISM AND THE ONEIRIC


THE POINT. QUANTIZING SPACE AND TIME
Physical space, with everything that is contained in it, forms the Universe. It is a material space, unlike mathematical spaces.
Any space consists of points.
The point is the basic brick out of which the entire universe is made. All structures that exist in space consist of points.
In a geometric space points are undefined and no dimension is associated with them; they are infinitely small. To form a segment of a given size an infinite number of points is needed.
No matter how small an infinitesimal element dx might be, it consists of an infinite number of points.
In a continuous mathematical space, no physical properties are associated with a point. All points are identical.
The dimensionless point cannot be represented graphically nor visualized mentally. It is infinitesimally small, it vaporizes into nonexistence, through an absolute zoom. We'll never encounter it, we'll never locate it. We might as well say it doesn't exist.
In mathematics such points form a space which is continuous, infinite and boundless.
Fallacy:
How can we form objects of size (length, area, volume) out of dimensionless points? An infinite number of non-dimensions cannot generate dimensions. One cannot form segments, areas or volumes by endlessly melding dimensionless points together.
Or, to put it otherwise:
No combination of dimensionless things can result in anything with a dimension.
We are forced to assign a dimension to the point, a radius, however small.
The point thus becomes a quantum of space; its diameter represents the smallest possible infinitesimal element.
Continuous space becomes quantized space. Physical space, the void that fills the entire Universe, consists of indivisible grains, material points.
Segments consist of a finite number of points. Therefore, a segment can not be divided indefinitely, but only up to a point