Free PDF Downloads
133 documents-
Open PDFIMA Preprint Series # 2271 INSTITUTE FOR MATHEMATICS AND ITS ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFNASAexplorers 9-12 Lesson: Photovolotaic Cells (All Sheets PDF)Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFPhysics of Solar EnergyMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFSolar Cells.pptMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFABSTRACT MEYER, ARIC P. Optical and Electrical Enhancement of ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFA1 new backupMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFChapter 4: Atoms, Semiconductors, Diodes, and Solar CellsMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFThe sun is a star when it comes to sustainable energyMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFNEWSLETTER OF THE MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE & ENGINEERING DIVISION ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFKansas Science and Mathematics Teacher Resource ManualMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFFEASIBILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS ON A FIXED MIRROR DISTRIBUTED ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFsubj 158Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFIN THE NEWS HEALTH AND NUTRITIONMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFmath program '05 (Page A)Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFAbstract This project uses nature to design a system to collect an ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFN ano N ewsMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFMATHEMATICSMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFMath and Science DayMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFDISSERTATION IMPACT OF SECONDARY BARRIERS ON cuin1−xgaxse2 SOLAR ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFThIs sUmmEr, LEAD By ExAmPLE!Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFSCI 1000 Introduction to Mathematics and Science Technologies ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFSTANFORDMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFENERGY Education ENERGY EducationMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFENERGY ALTERNATIVES: THE COOL FUEL ROADTRIP Geothermal and Solar ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFSelf-replicating machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFEXPLORING SOLAR ENERGYMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFlast time newsletterMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFSlide 1 - National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA)Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFCivic Engagement as History in Person in the Lives of High School ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFFree online teaching materialsMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFDescriptions - Mathematics ofMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFSastrawan - Photovoltaic modules of dye solar cells - Dissertation ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFAugarithmsMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFHighly Cited Articles. 36. Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFIMA Preprint Series # 2271 INSTITUTE FOR MATHEMATICS AND ITS ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby XH Nguyen · 2015 · Cited by 230 — Mathematical modeling of PV module is being con- tinuously updated to enable researchers to have a better understanding of its working. The models differ depeMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFActivity3: Predicting how to position solar panels​​ Solar (photovoltaic or PV) panels are combinations of silicon 'cells' which generate electrical energy by ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby S Pindado Carrion · 2017 · Cited by 62 — In the present paper, a new simple mathematical method to approach the behavior of a photovoltaic device is proposed as an alternative to the equivalenMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby Ş Yılmaz · Cited by 6 — Simulation and modeling of solar cells is very important for the photovoltaic system design. The main subject of this article is thederivation ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby D Guerra · 2019 · Cited by 5 — The article presents the procedure for developing a simulation model of photovoltaic modules in a Matlab /. Simulink environment. The simulation model is basedÂMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby M King · 2021 · Cited by 2 — Abstract: The efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels is greatly reduced by panel soiling and high temperatures.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFPV cell is the basic unit of power conversion system of a photovoltaic generator [3]. Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar cells are ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby M Miller · 2010 · Cited by 5 — Gerald Hefley, Mathematics and Statistics ... Miller, Michael (2010) "Maximum Power from a Solar Panel," Undergraduate Journal of Mathematical.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby O Hassan · 2022 · Cited by 1 — Equivalent circuit-based PV models, applying the. Shockley diode equation for solar cell mathematical representation, have been developed and ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby V Badescu · Cited by 1 — The absorbers based on quantum processes transform part of the energy of solar radiation directly into electrical energy (as it happens in a photovoltaic cell) ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby HN Kadeval · 2021 · Cited by 1 — A proposed model is based on solar cell and array's mathematical equations and built with common blocks in the Simulink environment(Tsai et ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby S Singh · 2017 · Cited by 2 — Mathematical Modeling of a P-N Junction Solar Cell. Using the Transport Equations. While analytical models are limited in the situations ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby W ABD EL-BASIT · 2013 · Cited by 54 — In this concern, a simple one diode mathematical model was implemented using MATLAB script. The output characteristics of PV cell depend on the environmenMathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby BC Babu · Cited by 19 — Generally, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are used in PV System to extract maximum possible power which in turn depends on solar irradiance and.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby S SHIHAB · 2019 · Cited by 54 — Insight - Mathematics ... Modelling and Simulation of Solar Cell Mathematical Model ... Solar cells are photovoltaic panels that convert solar.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby M RASHEED · 2019 · Cited by 53 — numerical solution of the single-diode solar cell nonlinear equation. The speed of the proposed ... mathematical research and they have a wide range in.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby W Chen · 2022 — For example, improving the performance of photovoltaic materials is the dominant factor, next, solar panels automatically change with the solar, ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby M Edouard · Cited by 57 — modeling and simulation of photovoltaic panels using. MATLAB software package. ... Mathematical modeling, MATLAB software, PV cell/panel,. Renewable energy.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFKeywords: Solar Energy; Photovoltaic Cells; Lead-Acid. Battery; HIL; Matlab. INTRODUCTION ... own mathematical models of PV cells, batteries and converters,.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby M Zohri · 2017 · Cited by 19 — The use of v-groove in solar collector has a higher thermal efficiency in references. Dropping the working heat of photovoltaic panel was able to raise the ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFThis paper will investigate the optimum tilt on a rooftop solar panel, so it can ... which involved complex mathematics involving vectors,.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby H Maammeur · 2013 · Cited by 13 — Solving the characteristic equation of the real photovoltaic cell that contains two variables is to ... The photovoltaic cells current–voltage mathematical.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby RH Hameed · Cited by 1 — This analysis indicates the convection heat loss coefficient effect on operating temperature of PV panel, and its efficiency. Keywords: Photovoltaic Panels, ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby JP BLACK · 2013 · Cited by 4 — 1906-1925. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF CONTACT RESISTANCE IN. SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS*. J. P. BLACK*, C. J. W. BREWARD+, P. D. HOWELLt, AND R. J. S. YO.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFThis report represents a mathematical model of a nanoporous anode in a dye-sensi- tized solar cell (DSSC). The object of the study is a mathematical model ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby M Penny · 2006 · Cited by 6 — This thesis presents a mathematical model of the nanoporous anode within a dye- sensitised solar cell (DSC). The main purpose of this work is to investigate ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby Y He · Cited by 12 — dynamics in semiconductor-electrolyte solar cells. Yuan He. ∗. Irene M. Gamba. †. Heung-Chan Lee. ‡. Kui Ren. §. Abstract. The mathematical modeling and ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby Y Krishna · 2021 · Cited by 3 — The performance of the solar photovoltaic panels relies on its direction and tilt angle with respect to the horizontal to obtain better.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFMany models of solar cells had been proposed since the beginning of the solar energy exploitation. This paper presents a mathematical modeling of the three ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby A Elkholy · 2019 · Cited by 41 — Background of the solar cell mathematical modeling. There are different approaches for modeling and simulating the PV cells. In [38], the authors used ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby X Liu · 2014 — organic solar cells, both of which account for the physics of OSC's that ... Charles L. Epstein, Thomas A. Scott Professor of Mathematics.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby AAZ Diab — Building precise solar cells and PV modules models is indispensable ... tion requires solving the mathematical equation through numerical ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFexample is the mathematical model known as Type 1 (Solar Collector), ... a lead-acid storage battery operates in conjunction with solar cell array and power.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby N Sosnytska · 2021 — Abstract—Mathematical computer modeling of the electron state in a quantum dot GaN with a shell is considered in order to use the study results to optimize ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby M Moradi · 2018 · Cited by 1 — Mathematics Learning Experience for Engineering Students. By. Mohammadmoein Moradi ... Solar cells in a solar farm, South Burlington VT [29] .Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFDescription of the Task: Students will use the solar panels at our school to calculate energy production by measuring solar panels and using formulas given ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby S Srinivasan · 2019 — solar radiation over the PV module is low compared to parabolic reflectors. Aims. The main objectives of this thesis work are. • To create a mathematical ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby G Bao · 2019 · Cited by 6 — 2 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, ... thin-film solar cell, which is made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby KC Kong · 2012 · Cited by 37 — Mathematical modeling of photovoltaic solar panel. 383. Figure 1. A four-parameter model of solar cell equivalent circuit. The I-V characteristic of a PV ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby RQ Nafil · 2021 · Cited by 3 — proposed mathematical single–diode model (SDM, 5 parameters), and Matlab- ... The converting of solar radiation (SR) into electricity using solar cells.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFLAB/Simulink model of a Solar Cell is designed by ... Solar Cell, I-V and P-V Curves, MPPT. ... International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby B Bhandari · 2014 · Cited by 271 — Mathematical Modeling of Hybrid Renewable Energy. System: A Review on Small Hydro-Solar-Wind ... studied the characteristics of solar cell.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby DH Foster · 2013 · Cited by 14 — ABSTRACT. We describe a mathematical model for heterojunctions in semiconductors which can be used, e.g., for modeling higher efficiency solar cells.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby A Jbilou · 2020 — This paper presents mathematical models of a photovoltaic (PV) module. Then, the characteristics I-V and P-V are simulated using the software ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFTypical research satellites operate with only 200 to 800 watts of electricity generated by sunlight and 'solar cells'. Solar cells can be attached directly to ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby S Chun · 2015 · Cited by 1 — maximum power point for efficient power extraction of the solar panel. This can be applied to wind energy, fuel cells and so on. Introduction.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFthe energy generated by the solar panels. 3. Units are important in real world problems and keeping track of units can help one better understand math ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby PK Nandi · Cited by 2 — 2Department of Mathematics, J. K. College, Purulia-723101, W. B., India ... Keywords: Solar panel; hybrid system; torsional vibrations; exponential energy ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby K Bergermann · 2022 — Keywords. preconditioning, phase– eld models, organic solar cells, ... Faculty of Mathematics, Chemnitz, Germany (kai.bergermann@math.tu-.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby A Matheswaran · 2017 · Cited by 2 — Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences. An International Journal ... power point tracking from Solar PV panel/array.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFwhile that of Cell #1 (which sees only that part of the solar spectrum for ... To simplify mathematical manipulation, we will postulate a.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby AD Hansen · 2000 · Cited by 318 — establish a library of simple mathematical models for each individual element of a stand-alone PV system, namely solar cells, battery, controller, ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby MA Sarhan · 2019 · Cited by 48 — College of Science, Department of Mathematics, Al-Mustansiriyah University-Baghdad- Iraq ... The experimental results of the solar cell indicate excellent.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby X He · 2018 — Integrated Mathematical and Experimental Study of Cell Migration and Shape. Xiuxiu He ... (2012) Ultrathin and lightweight organic solar cells with high.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby HA Villalobos MartÃnez · 2021 — Mathematical model of the efficiency of a silicon solar cell ... new way to see mathematics as an engineer.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby RN Nasrin · 2021 · Cited by 5 — Department of Mathematics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and ... temperature, and partial shading on temperature of solar cell, ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby K Moyème · 2020 — Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2020, 8, 2402-2415 ... (3C-SiC), one heterojunction solar cell and two tandem structures were.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFBiofuels, wind power, solar energy and nuclear energy are examples of alternative renewable energy [3], [18]. Fuel cell is the low level emissions which is ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFJun 4, 2021 — The concept of Cu2CdSnS4 thin-film solar cells is based on the ... defined mathematical equations to suggest results for the cells to be ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby S Pérez Escudero · 2021 — model the charge transport in the solar cells and the high-order partial differential equations that model flexoelectricity in a non-piezoelectric but ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFKeyword-solar photovoltaic panel, optimum tilt angle, incident energy, module energy, declination angle, elevation angle, latitude angle. 1 INTRODUCTION.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby MS Rasheed · 2020 · Cited by 61 — Keywords: single-diode model, Newton-Raphson method, solar cell, numerical analysis, ... Numerical analysis is a branch of mathematics used in many fields, .Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby H Herath · 2021 — verify the predictions of the mathematical model. ... cell or transferring electrons through it [1], solar electricity, and solar ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby RG Yur'evna · Cited by 2 — regulation, Cell cycles, Oscillations, Metabolism control, Mathematical modeling, Molecular dynamics, ... Solar Emission, Temperature, Magnetic,.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby T Katsaounis · 2020 — 3Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology - ... Recent advances in solar cell research and material.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby H Hu · 2019 — 5 The modeling and simulation of inverted perovskite solar cells - re- ... This mathematical and electrical description of a solar cell is.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFThe transfer function from the solar panel's input current to the output of the averaging module, P can be written as shown in eqn. (4).Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFsolar power generation in the presence of clouds, etc. ... Examples include battery state-of-charge, flywheel speed, power system fre-.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby E Tuominen · 1998 — We have developed a mathematical method to extract solar cell parameters, such as diffusion lengths and surface recombination velocities directly from the ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFNote: Vref from our previous qualitative analysis equation is the thermal voltage, kT/q. In solar cells, sometimes the two parts of I.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby H Shaban · 2021 · Cited by 20 — The RUN algorithm is applied for the R.T.C France solar cell, as a case study. ... Mathematical Photovoltaic Models for Solar Cells.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby G ŞAHİN — operating point of the cell through the junction recombination velocity. Keywords: Capacitance, electric field, silicon solar cell.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFThe solar panel consists of interconnected solar cells. The ... 356 SpringBoard® Mathematics Algebra 1, Unit 4 Exponents, Radicals, and Polynomials.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby NE Courtier · 2019 · Cited by 23 — 3School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Portsmouth, UK ... Details of an open-source planar perovskite solar cell.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby D Chippada · Cited by 4 — cell o cell pv. (1). The general expression for the current of solar cells is [5]:. 748. International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy, vol. 9 , no.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFthe best position for their hand-built solar panel, learn solar cell operation ... and applied mathematics, making productive use of knowledge and problem ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby JT Cummings · 2017 — We consider in this dissertation the mathematical modeling and simulation of a general ... For numerical solution of this model, we use cell-.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby SA RANGA · Cited by 5 — There are two types of solar cells on the market: single- junction solar cells and multi-junction ... math functions and uses a programming language that.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFNov 3, 2021 — 9 Solar Cell Parameters and Equivalent Circuit ... the Faculty for Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Com-.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby O Vdovyn · 2015 — thermoelectricity, solar and wind powers, ocean waves, physical motions, and etc. ... Positive ion 1 and negative ion 2 are 'pushed' inside of the cell, ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby NE COURTIER · 2019 · Cited by 22 — 2Department of Mathematics, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3HF, UK ... Key words: perovskite, solar cell, ion vacancy, drift-diffusion, ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFPhotovoltaic cell harnesses the solar energy ... better and abundant was satisfied by means of solar energy. ... present mathematical models of physical.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby A Belghachi · 2015 · Cited by 27 — employed to calculate solar cell efficiency limit, starting from the ... in order avoid mathematical approximations which would yield erroneous results.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby B Maldon · 2020 · Cited by 1 — Earlier mathematical models for DSSCs are based on junction solar cells, which wasfirst studied by Chapinet alin 1954. These equations were ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFThe California Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CA CCSSM) ... of harmful pollutants in air or water, compound interest, or cell division.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby TL Amu · 2014 · Cited by 17 — tin-based perovskite solar cells, a numerical simulation was done. First, known experimental ... based on a mathematical model that describes the system.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFSolar power systems primarily contain of solar panel made up of PV cells (semiconductors) which discharges electrons on absorption of heat and transforms ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFClass here comprehensive works on planets, satellites, rings of solar system. For meteors, see 523.5; for satellites and rings, transits, occultations, see.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFSolar cell phones, or by yellow pencil plugin. Vector calculus is applied in electrical engineering especially with the use of electromagnetics.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby K Bergermann · 2019 · Cited by 3 — Keywords: organic solar cells, mathematical model- ing, Flory-Huggins theory, Cahn-Hilliard equation, FEn-. iCS. 1 Introduction.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFMay 5, 2013 — mathematical model in Step 1 describes microscopic cell division and can be ... Exercise 5.5.15 Suppose solar radiation striking the ocean ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFUsing Mathematics and Computational Thinking. ... efficiency of a solar cell is found by calculating the ratio of electrical power out to solar power in.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFEach PV cell (or. PV cells wired in series) has a nominal voltage of 0.5v output. The solar cells should be large enough to produce milliamp reading that can be ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby T Katsaounis · Cited by 28 — Bifacial solar cells are receiving increased attention in the PV market due ... Remark 2.1 The corresponding mathematical model for an n-type solar cell is ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby A Karafil · Cited by 58 — In the mathematical analysis of the study, the monthly, seasonal and the annual optimum fixed tilt angles of PV panels depending on solar angles are.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby LCLY Voon · 2007 — Key words: multiscale mathematical models, low dimensional nanostructures, ... Nanodevices and Simulation (multicell junction and core-shell solar cells; ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby M Kalimoldayev · 2019 · Cited by 2 — Keywords: solar cell; the current-voltage characteristics; mathematical model; ... Solar cells in the production of electricity from renewable energy ...Mathematics Of Solar Cell
-
Open PDFby DC Nguyen · 2019 — VNU Journal of Science: Mathematics – Physics, Vol. ... In recent years, perovskite solar cells have been attracting much attention due to their ease of.Mathematics Of Solar Cell
Books
734 found
![<2> (introduction to modern mathematics) flow of modern mathematics (2004) ISBN: 4000068865 [Japanese Import]](https://www.ebooknetworking.net/books/400/006/big4000068865.jpg)
![A Level Mathematics for Edexcel: Mechanics M1 by Jefferson, Brian [06 March 2008]](https://www.ebooknetworking.net/books/B00/C7G/bigB00C7GBTQ4.jpg)
![A numerical method to find the probability of ultimate ruin in the classical risk model with stochastic return on investments [An article from: Insurance Mathematics and Economics]](https://www.ebooknetworking.net/books/B00/0RR/bigB000RR1T9W.jpg)
Page 1 of 23 — 734 results
📚 Search 5 Million+ Books
Compare prices from Amazon US, UK, India, Canada, Germany & France.