Translating H/holy S/spirit: 4 Models: Unitarian, Binitarian, Trinitarian, and Non-Sectarian

Translating H/holy S/spirit examines the biblical concept of the 'holy spirit.' Twenty-five English translations are consulted revealing a high degree of ambiguity and inconsistency in translating this central concept. This is clearly evident in the apparent arbitrariness and inconsistency in capitalization. When 'Spirit' is capitalized, it is generally assumed that a person is being referred to. This raises questions as to whether the Spirit is simply a personification of some attribute or activity of God, or whether Spirit may refer to a distinct hypostasis in the Godhead. When 'spirit' appears in lowercase, it is generally assumed that an impersonal gift or enablement is intended. Translating H/holy S/spirit presents four models by which these difficulties are examined and clarified. Each model is defined, defended, and then deconstructed.