Literacy Challenges for the Twenty-First Century: The Future of Children (The Future of Children)

The Future of Children seeks to translate high-level research into information that is useful to policy makers, practitioners, and the media. Literacy Challenges for the Twenty-First Century 3 Literacy Challenges for the Twenty-First Century: Introducing the Issue by Richard Murnane, Isabel Sawhill, and Catherine Snow 17 Patterns of Literacy among U.S. Students by Sean F. Reardon, Rachel A. Valentino, and Kenneth A. Shores 39 The Role of Out-of-School Factors in the Literacy Problem by Jane Waldfogel 55 Improving Reading in the Primary Grades by Nell K. Duke and Meghan K. Block 73 Reading and Reading Instruction for Children from Low-Income and Non-English-Speaking Households by Nonie K. Lesaux 89 Adolescent Literacy: Learning and Understanding Content by Susan R. Goldman 117 The Importance of Infrastructure Development to High-Quality Literacy Instruction by David K. Cohen and Monica P. Bhatt 139 Technology Tools to Support Reading in the Digital Age by Gina Biancarosa and Gina G. Griffiths