How Black Holes Make and Break Spiral Galaxies

Spiral galaxies are vast and extraordinary objects. They look like gigantic Catherine Wheel fireworks. Many of their feature are poorly understood, like why their disks are up to 100 times wider than they are thick, why they have gigantic spiral arms that persist for billions of years, why they change into barred spirals over time, and why each one contains a supermassive black hole at its centre and is surrounded by a vast halo of dark matter.

This book offers a novel theory that explains all of these curious features. It explains how a spiral galaxy develops when a black hole acquires excess spin and its event horizon morphs into a toroidal shape, like a ring doughnut. The wormhole that passes through its ring singularity then becomes naked, with profound consequences. Gas near the wormhole is compressed by the black hole's enormous gravitational field. It squirts through the wormhole, taking much excess positive charge with it.

Electrons are left behind, and they flee from the black hole. They attract the ionized gas that surrounds the black. This gas is pulled towards the central black hole, and some squirts through.

Over much time the gas that once surrounded the black hole at a distance is depleted, leaving an excess of dark matter. The visible matter that remains is concentrated towards the centre. It swirls inwards like a whirlpool, giving the spiral galaxy its characteristic shape.

Many astronomical images and references to scientific publications are included to show that the new theory has a strong foundation. Many tests are posed to show that it is both testable and verifiable.