This text provides a general survey of the commercial and technological uses of micro-organisms (principally bacteria, yeasts, viruses and fungi), describing relevant scientific techniques and how they are scaled up into practical industrial processes. The focus is on the science behind these techniques, the future breakthroughs and, where relevant, the potential practical barriers to putting this scientific knowledge to use. Features include: text boxes scattered throughout to enliven the text and provide more insight into individual applications; marginal notes defining new or key vocaulary words; and a glossary to help novice scientists or scientists from other disciplines navigate their way through the topics covered. This book is designed for upper-level undergraduates who have some background in microbiology and basic chemistry. It should also be useful to students of human resources, forestry, agriculture, food and animal science, human nutrition, allied health sciences, law, political science and business.