Contents Introduction 5 Basic Measurement Techniques 17 Electronic Devices for Instruments 41 The Operational Amplifier 63 The Augmented Op Amp 87 Alternating Current and Frequency Effects 109 Versus Bandwidth 123 Frequency Measurement and Counting 148 The Digital and Analog Oscilloscope 191 Temperature Measurements 211 Heat Measurements 234 Distance and Travel Transducers 248 Radar and Interferometer Measurements 264 Pressure and Force Measurement 291 Automotive Measurements 319 Index 333