The Hidden Velocity, Force & Energy (Missed, Misplaced & Misused Physics)

This current book is a result of a deep review of kinematics and analytical mechanics. We identified a multitude of heuristics that appear on the surface to be correct. Upon closer examination, the heuristics were found to no longer be as accurate as they had been. As we have become more technologically sophisticated, there are numerous ways in which the old “good-enough” heuristics were being buttressed by empirical corrections. Using first-year university mathematics and physics, we show that many things that we believe and are taught in physics are wrong at a fundamental level. We investigated kinematics from the perspective of the ignored speed of the sun orbiting the galaxy and the Earth orbiting the sun. Earth’s trajectory appears epicyclic when viewed from the center of the galaxy. The epicyclic motion is associated with real accelerations on the Earth that are totally absent from our kinematical models. The new modeling perspective uncovered hidden forces and kinetic energies associated with these hidden velocities, which impact how the Earth orbits the sun and how electrons orbit within atoms. We also examined Newton’s gravitational model to determine if it was an heuristic. While looking at the force on a point on the surface of a sphere, we shrunk the sphere. The directions of the resulting forces on the small mass change from having large but cancelling horizontal components of gravitational forces to having mostly vertical force components as the sphere shrinks. Nothing in the potential models for a spherical mass distribution take this into account. The classical models use large-distance approximations in developing a center-of-mass description for the gravitational forces, which no longer holds for a point mass on the surface of a sphere. We developed a new model for finding the forces directly between two extended objects. We found a method for integrating over the volume of a sphere to find the exact force on a point mass located at any distance from a spherical mass distribution of any size. The net result is the discovery that the center-of- mass approach to modeling is an heuristic and, further, that the calculation of the gravitational potential did not allow the models to capture the full extent of the mutual gravitational vector forces between extended objects. The finding points to an error in our measurements of the universal gravitational constant. We also observed that we can modulate the gravitational force between two dumbbell shaped objects by spinning them at different rates, which shows that we actually have unexpected gravitational force behaviors that have never been predicted that should allow us to measure the propagation speed of gravitons in the laboratory.. Using first-year university mathematics and physics, we show that many things that we believe and are taught in physics are wrong at a fundamental level. We show that: • The center of mass is a flawed concept. • We improperly apply Newton’s gravitational law to mass distributions. • The magnitude of the universal gravitational constant is wrong. • We have simple ways of modulating gravitational forces and measuring the speed of gravitons, if they exist. • There are non-dissipative forces that are purely associated with energy conservation and motion. • We overestimate electrical potential and forces from charge distributions • There are new physics and technologies for which we currently have no concepts. All this and more comes from re-vetting our obsolete approaches to statics and dynamics of systems and from identifying the heuristics we improperly view as the actual physics.