The Religion-State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Majority Muslim Countries and Other OIC Members

Current developments in constitutional drafting are spurring renewed analysis of the existing constitutional landscape in majority Muslim countries. New constitutions are being drafted in Egypt, Somalia, Libya, Sudan, Tunisia, and Turkey, among others. Although the drafting and approval processes will no doubt be markedly different in each of these countries, international legal norms are clear about religious freedom standards. In each country, questions will be raised, as they have been in the past, about the relationship between international legal/human rights norms and existing political arrangements in Muslim countries—especially with respect to the internationally recognized right of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion or belief. This study compiles and analyzes constitutional provisions currently in place concerning the relationship between religion and the state, freedom of religion or belief, and related human rights in the 46 majority Muslim countries and in 10 other countries that, while not majority Muslim, are members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.