COMPUTER ORGANISATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Computer Architecture and Arithmetic Computer architecture, Von Neumann architecture, Functional units, Basic operational concepts, Performance, Processor organization, Bus structure, Register organization, Instructions and instruction sequencing, Addressing modes; Arithmetic : Multiplication of positive numbers, Signed operand multiplication, Booths algorithm, Fast multiplication, Integer division, Floating point numbers and operation, IEEE standards, Floating point arithmetic. The Central Processing Unit Basic processing unit : Single bus organization, Register transfer, Performing an arithmetic or logic operation, Fetching and storing word from/to memory, Execution of complete instruction, Branch instruction, Multi-bus organization; Hardwired control : Design methods - State table and classical method, A complete processor, Micro-programmed control : Microinstructions, Micro-program sequencing, Wide branch addressing, Microinstructions with next address field, Perfecting microinstructions, Emulation. Input-Output and Memory Organization I/O organization : Accessing I/O devices, Interrupts : Interrupt hardware, Enabling and disabling interrupts, Handling multiple requests, Controlling devices, Exceptions, Interface circuits, Standard I/O interfaces : PCI, SCSI, USB; The memory system : Memory hierarchy, Internal organization of memory chips, Cache memory, Performance considerations, Virtual Memories. Introduction to 16-bit microprocessor The 8086 microprocessor, Architecture of 8086, Pin diagram, Programming model of 8086, Logical to physical addressing, Addressing modes, Instruction set, Interrupt structure, 8086 assembly language programming. Introduction to 32-bit microprocessor The 80386 microprocessor, Features and architecture, Pin description, Functional description, Register set,Programming model of 80386 : Real mode, Protected mode and virtual mode, Paging and segmentation, Multitasking, Interrupts, Exceptions and I/O. Parallel Architectures and ARM Parallel architectures, Classification, Instruction level pipelining and superscalar processors, The structure of general purpose multiprocessor, Multiple processor, Organizations, Closely and loosely coupled multiprocessor systems, Advanced RISC machines (ARM) : Introduction to RISC, Instruction execution, Characteristics, RISC architecture and pipelining, RISC vs CISC.