INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & APPLICATIONS

Operational Amplifiers Building Blocks Block diagram of op-amp, Differential amplifier and its analysis, Level shifter, Output stages, Current sources and current mirror circuits. Ideal and practical op-amp comparison. Op-amp technologies and comparison - Bipolar, CMOS and BiCMOS. Ideal op-amp analysis, D.C. and A.C. characteristics. Op-amp Performance Parameters Op-amp powering. Op-amp input and output limitations, Limitations in gain, Input and output impedance, Practical op-amp frequency response characteristics, Small signal closed loop frequency response, Closed loop stability considerations, Frequency compensation, Transient response characteristics, Full power response, Offsets, Bias currents and drift. Common mode rejection ratio of op-amp, Noise in op-amp. Applications of Op-amps I Voltage scaling and buffer circuits, Voltage summation, Difference amplifier configuration, Current scaling, Voltage to current conversion, A.C. amplifiers. Amplifiers with defined non-linearity, Synthesized non-linear response, Basic integrator, Integrator run, Set and hold modes, Integrator errors, Extensions to basic integrator, Integrator reset, A.C. integrators, Differentiator, Practical considerations in differentiator design. Applications of Op-amps II Limitations of difference amplifiers, Instrumentation amplifiers and applications, Introduction to isolation amplifiers. Op-amp comparators, Schmitt trigger, Op-amp for square, Triangular and pulse generation, Zero crossing detector, Precision rectifiers, Peak detector, Sample and hold circuits. Linear voltage regulators, Low dropout regulators. Limitations of linear regulators. Signal Converters Voltage to frequency conversion, Frequency to voltage conversion. Digital to analog converter operation, Specifications interfacing and applications : DA converter operation and specifications, DA applications and interfacing. Analog to digital converter specifications, Types and interfacing : Parallel comparator, Dual slope, Successive approximation, Sigma-delta. Specifications and error associated with AD converters. Interfacing AD converters. Active Filters and Phased Locked Loop Op-amp bases audio amplifier circuits - Preamplifier, Active tone control, Graphic equalizer. First and second order active LPF, HPF, BPF and notch filters. Phased lock loop, Lock and capture, PLL in locked condition, First order loop, Second order loop, Damping characteristics and filter design criteria. Phase comparators. FM demodulator, Frequency synthesizer.