Practical piping flexibility design & flow;: With viscous liquid flow tables, pumps, pumping, economical pipe size, thermal stress in plates & vessels

Engineers responsible for the analysis of thermal stress and reactions in piping systems have found that the methods of precise calculation confined to the elastic theory do not for all configurations check the results of tests. Variance as great as 50% has been noted and often when least anticipated. Such calculations are usually laborious and time consuming. Moreover, when finally completed, they require the allowance of a large margin of safety usually left to judgment which may differ between individuals. We may say there is too much backlash in the coordination. There is needed for the purpose of uniformity, speed, and safety, a reduction of procedures to a simple and practical degree of approximation for commercial use, in which the safety margin is always automatically included so that as little as possible is left to individual opinion. The new method given in this book meets this specification as far as possible. It is the result of more than 20 years experience with the subject. It offers a fast and really workable check with brackets worst conditions and covers the unpredictable deviations of manufacture, erection and operation, some of which are listed I the main text. Also included are sections on related subjects such as Flow of Liquids; Economical Pipe Size; Pumping Data; Flow of Steam; etc. Much thought has been directed to obtain original treatment of these subjects, so that the reader may gain in "know how" and facility in the work. Mathematical logic has been followed in the construct of the many shortcuts so far as compatible with experience and test.