A compend of chemistry: Inorganic and organic; including urinary analysis (Quiz-compends?)

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1890 Excerpt: ...Acid.--This varies with the temperature and degree of concentration of the acid. When very strong and cold acid is used, the action is generally a substitution of the molecule NO., for H, giving rise to a series of bodies called nitro-compounds. When the acid is weak or hot, the action is usually the direct addition of oxygen, according to methods given in the preceding paragraph. (a) Action Of Chlorine.--Chlorine sometimes enters into direct combination, but usually displaces the hydrogen and takes its place, atom for atom. Bromine and iodine act in the same manner. The substituting actions of oxygen, nilric acid, chlorine, etc., give rise to a very important series of compounds, which are more completely explained below. (?) Action Of Dehydrating Agents.--These are bodies--sulphuric acid, and phosphoric anhydride, for examples--which have a high affinity for water. They act by abstracting hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion of two atoms of H to one of O. (/) So-called Natural Changes.--These are Fermentation, Putre-_ faction and Decay. Fermentation is a process by which certain organic bodies, particularly forms of sugar, are converted into new substances simpler in composition. The change is dependent on the development of minute living organisms, and the products differ with the nature of the organism. The conditions necessary to the action are: (a) Proper food, especially the ammonium salts and phosphates. These are generally present in the liquid about to be fermented. (6) A temperature from 600 to 100 F. (200 to 400 C). Very strong solutions of sugar will not ferment. ilany substances, especially those which coagulate albumin, have the power to stop fermentation, and are called anti-zymotics. Among these are boric acid, zinc chloride, mercuric chlo...