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Ammonia volatilization from artificial dung and urine patches measured [An article from: Atmospheric Environment]
Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
Description:
The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of ammonia (NH"3) volatilization from intensively managed pastures on a soil type typical of the dairy production area in Finland and to clarify the effect of rainfall on NH"3 volatilization. The study included two experiments. In Experiment 1 the total amount of NH"3-N emitted was calculated based on the annual surface coverage of dung (4%) and urine (17%). The application rate of total N in the simulated dung and urine patches was approximately 47gNm^-^2 and 113gNm^-^2, respectively. In Experiment 1 the general level of NH"3 emissions from the urine patches was high and the peak volatilization rate was 0.54gNH"3-Nm^-^2h^-^1. As expected, emissions from the dung pats were clearly lower with a maximum rate of 0.10gNH"3-Nm^-^2h^-^1. The total emission calculated for the whole pasture area (stocking rate four cowsha^-^1y^-^1, urine coverage 17% and dung coverage 4%) was 16.1kgNH"3-Nha^-^1. Approximately 96% of the total emission originated from urine. In Experiment 2 we measured the emissions from urine only and the treatments on the urine patches were: (1) no irrigation, (2) 5+5mm and (3) 20mm irrigation. The peak emission rates were 0.13, 0.09 and 0.04gNH"3-Nm^-^2h^-^1 and the total emissions were 6.9, 3.0 and 1.7kgNH"3-Nha^-^1, for treatments (1), (2) and (3), respectively. In both measurements over 80% of the total emission occurred during the first 48h and there was a clear diurnal rhythm. Increasing rainfall markedly decreased NH"3 emission. Volatilization was highest with dry and warm soil. The JTI method appeared to be suitable for measuring NH"3 volatilization in this kind of experiment. According to our results, the importance of pastures as a source of NH"3 emission in Finland is minor.
Description:
The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of ammonia (NH"3) volatilization from intensively managed pastures on a soil type typical of the dairy production area in Finland and to clarify the effect of rainfall on NH"3 volatilization. The study included two experiments. In Experiment 1 the total amount of NH"3-N emitted was calculated based on the annual surface coverage of dung (4%) and urine (17%). The application rate of total N in the simulated dung and urine patches was approximately 47gNm^-^2 and 113gNm^-^2, respectively. In Experiment 1 the general level of NH"3 emissions from the urine patches was high and the peak volatilization rate was 0.54gNH"3-Nm^-^2h^-^1. As expected, emissions from the dung pats were clearly lower with a maximum rate of 0.10gNH"3-Nm^-^2h^-^1. The total emission calculated for the whole pasture area (stocking rate four cowsha^-^1y^-^1, urine coverage 17% and dung coverage 4%) was 16.1kgNH"3-Nha^-^1. Approximately 96% of the total emission originated from urine. In Experiment 2 we measured the emissions from urine only and the treatments on the urine patches were: (1) no irrigation, (2) 5+5mm and (3) 20mm irrigation. The peak emission rates were 0.13, 0.09 and 0.04gNH"3-Nm^-^2h^-^1 and the total emissions were 6.9, 3.0 and 1.7kgNH"3-Nha^-^1, for treatments (1), (2) and (3), respectively. In both measurements over 80% of the total emission occurred during the first 48h and there was a clear diurnal rhythm. Increasing rainfall markedly decreased NH"3 emission. Volatilization was highest with dry and warm soil. The JTI method appeared to be suitable for measuring NH"3 volatilization in this kind of experiment. According to our results, the importance of pastures as a source of NH"3 emission in Finland is minor.
