Chemistry of Proteins and Hemoglobin

"1. Protein A has a binding site for ligand X with a Kdof 10-6M. Protein B has a binding site for ligand X with a Kdof 10-9M. Which protein has the higher affinity for ligand X?
2. What is the effect of the following changes on the O2 affinity of hemoglobin? (a) A decrease in the blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2. (b) A decrease in the partial pressure of CO2in the lungs from 6 kPa (holding one's breath) to 2 kPa (normal). (c) An increase in the BPG level from 5 mM (normal altitudes) to 8 mM (high altitudes). For (c), also consider fetal hemoglobin.
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