Map Reading and Topographical Sketching

In this book the author has attempted to record for the benefit of others something of the results of thirteen years of experience in the practice and teaching of topographical surveying and sketching. There is no short cut to excellence in topographical work. Good maps result from the patient and careful labor of men thoroughly instructed in the means and methods of topographical representation.

CHAPTER I—Introductory 1
CHAPTER II
Scales Op Maps—Reading Scales Scales of Maps—Reading Scales—Methods of Stating Scales on Maps—Comparison of Methods of Stating Scales—Construction of Graphical Reading Scales—Examples—Rules for the Construction of Reading Scales—Problems.
CHAPTER III
Scaling Distances On Maps - Methods of Scaling Distances—Straight Lines—Meandering Lines— Accuracy of Distances Scaled from Maps—Measurement of Distances along Roads—Problems—Other Exercises—Measurement of
Artillery and Infantry Ranges—Map Positions of Points on the Ground—Triangulation Points—Points along Roads—Interior Points.
CHAPTER IV
Working Scales
Measurement of Distances in Surveying and Sketching—Determination of Length of Stride—-Determination of the Rate of a Horse— Construction of Working Scales—Problems—Problems Involving Erroneous Scales—Example—Problems.
CHAPTER V.
Conventional Signs
Conventional Signs on Topographical Maps—Special Military Symbols—Color Conventions—Relation of Conventional Signs to Map Scales—Familiarity with Conventional Signs—Exercises.
CHAPTER VI
Representation In Relief 45
Methods of Representing Ground Forms—Hachures—Contours— Contours on the Ground—Contour Lines on the Map—Datum Level —Vertical Interval between Contours—Methods of Stating Slopes —Relation. between Slope and Distance between Contours— Relation between V.I. and Map Distance between Contours— Construction of Slope Scales—Examples—Problems in Construction of Slope Scales.
CHAPTER VII
Contours (Continued)
Forms of Contours—Valley Contours—Spur and Ridge Contours— Summit Contours—Col or Saddle Contours—Representation of Slopes by Contours—Uniform Slopes—Concave Slopes—Convex Slopes—Exercises—Models and Sand Box—Contour Problems— Construction of Profiles—Problems—Visibility—Visibility Problems.
CHAPTER VIII.
Map Reference
Designation of Points on Maps—Map Sheets—Map Reference— Reference Lines—Designation of Map Sheets—Sheet System of Reference—Location of Points in Grid Squares.
CHAPTER IX.
Directions And Positions On Maps. Orientation
Direction—Determination of Direction—The Magnetic Needle— Approximate North by Polaris—Approximate North by the Sun— Orientation—Orienting a Map by Compass—Orienting a Map by Identified Points—Location of Points on the Map—General Accuracy of Maps—Representation in Plan and in Elevation— Identification of Points on the Ground—Finding Your Own Location on the Map—Relation of Map Scale to Detail—Horizontal Detail—Vertical Detail—Use of Compass with Map—Compass Bearings—Marching by Compass.
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CHAPTER X.—Topographical Mapping.
Instruments And Methods
Mapping Methods—Standard Sketching Equipment—Sketching Board and Tripod—Alidade—Clinometer—Accessories—Improvised Sketching Equipment—Using the Standard Sketching Equipment— Sketching Paper—Assembling the Sketching Board—Carrying the Sketching Board—Setting up the Sketching Board—Orienting the Sketching Board—Alidade—First Use—Second Use—Clinometer- Slope Board.
CHAPTER XI.—Topographical Mapping
Traversing—Selection or Control Points—Contour Problems
Traversing with the Sketching Board—Location by Resection—Con-
tour Problems.
CHAPTER XII—Topographical Mapping
Sketching From A Located Point
Selection of Ground for Practice—Scale and Vertical Interval—Control Traverse—Analyzing Ground Forms—Specific Example— Measurements from the Point—Checking Results—-The Level of the Eye—Sketching by Estimation—Flat Hill-tops—Valleys—Hillsides.

CHAPTER XIII—Topographical Mapping
Estimation Op Distances, Mounted Sketching,
Etc. Lettering