Doctor Who Series Eight: What Did We Learn?

The Capaldi years have begun; the Twelfth Doctor has a series under his belt and the question is: did we learn anything?

Do robots go to heaven?
Is the Doctor a good man?
Is Communism a religion?
Can Daleks comprehend aesthetics and morality?
Is all property theft?
Does guilt signify criminality?
Is killing ever justified?
Is religion an evolved response to a dangerous world?
What is the bootstrap paradox?
Is there something under your bed?
Is fear a superpower?

All these questions and more are answered to a greater or lesser degree, whether they're the right or the wrong questions to ask is another matter entirely.