The Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Full Illustrated 2016

Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Epidemiology
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is best known as the etiological agent of cervical cancer in women. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer in women. However, HPV can cause many more diseases including: genital warts, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, head and neck cancers, and anal cancer. The most common form of transmission is sexual contact. Unlike some sexually transmitted diseases, penetrative sex is not necessary for HPV transmission; the virus can spread easily through skin-skin contact. In fact, most adults will be exposed to HPV at some point during their life, but only a small percentage will develop cancer. Certain populations do have an increased risk of contracting an HPV infection: patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; people with multiple sexual partners; and people that do not consistently use condoms; however, this link has only been shown in longitudinal studies (Human Papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: Technical Information for Policy Makers and Health Professionals, 2007).

Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Epidemiology
Human Papillomavirus Biology and Lifecycle
Human Papillomavirus Lifecycle- Productive Infection
Viral Proteins- the Role of E6 and E7 in Disease
Persistent Infection and Immune Evasion
Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer
Human Papillomavirus and Other Infections
Genital Warts
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections – Respiratory Papillomatosis
Oral Cancer
Anal Cancer
Human Papillomavirus Prevention
Gardasil
Cervarix
Conclusion
Chapter 2: Physiology and Pathophysiology
Basic Epithelial Barrier Structure and Function
Role of Tumor Repressor Proteins in Healthy Tissue
HPV Associated Oncogenesis- Years not Months
Stages of Disease from Precancerous Lesions to Invasive Cancer
The Role of HPV Proteins E6/E7 in Oncogenesis
Inhibition of Tumor Suppressor Proteins
Enhancing the Invasive Properties of Epithelial Cells
Promoting Host Genome Instability
Reprogramming Cellular Metabolism
Immune Evasion Mechanisms
Regulation of HPV E6/E7 Proteins Through Host Genome Integration
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Genetics and Epigenetics
Mutations in Host Immune Response Genes
Increased Susceptibility to Progressive Disease
Interleukin-1b (IL-1b)
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFa)
Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
Interferon-gamma (IFN?)
Decreased Susceptibility to Progressive Disease
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
Conditional Effect on Susceptibility to Progressive Disease
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
Genetic Mutations in E6/E7 Interaction Partners
Increased Susceptibility to Progressive Disease
p53
EGFR and ERBB4
Decreased Susceptibility to Progressive Disease
BRCA1/BARD1
Conditional Susceptibility to Progressive Disease
MicroRNAs and LAMB3
Epigenetics
Viral Genetic and Epigenetic Changes
Conclusion
Chapter 4: Diagnosis and Guidelines
External Genital Warts
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Anal Cancer
Cervical HPV Infection Guidelines
Precancer Guidelines
Invasive Cervical Cancer
Diagnostic Tests for HPV-infection
Cytology Screening Techniques
Molecular Diagnostic Options to Detect HPV DNA
Signal Amplification Assays
Nucleic Acid Amplification Assays
HPV mRNA Detection
Imaging Studies to Diagnose/Stage Invasive Cancer
Conclusion
Chapter 5: Treatment and Management
Treatment of External Genital Warts
Treatment and Management of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Treatment and Management of Invasive Anal Cancer
Treatment and Management of Cervical Lesions
Precancerous Lesions
Invasive Cervical Cancer
Conclusion
Chapter 6: Recent Advances
Public Health Advances
Increasing HPV Vaccination in the Developing World
Increasing Access to Screening Programs in the Developed World
Self-Sampling Kits
Novel Biomarkers to Identify High Risk HPV Infection
p16Ink4a
MCM2/TOP2A
Micro-RNA Expression Patt