Field guide to malformations of frogs and toads: with radiographic interpretations

Original publisher: Madison, Wis. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, [2000]. OCLC Number: (OCoLC)51589117 Subject: Frogs -- Abnormalities. Excerpt: ... 10A 10C 10D 10B Microcephaly The frogs on the far left and far right ( 10A, 10D ) have small heads and their snout is blunt and curved. The heads of the frogs in the center ( 10B, 10C ) are normal. 10E 10F 10G 10H Eye abnormalities 10E Normal eye in a frog. 10F Small left eye in a frog ( microphthalmia ). 10G Frog missing left eye ( anophthalmia ). 10H The left eye has no iris and therefore appears uniformly black. 10I Tadpole missing right eye ( anophthalmia ). 10I 10J 10K 10L Brachygnathia ( mandibular micrognathia ) The first frog ( 10J ) has a normal jaw with uniform closure of the margins of the mouth. The second frog ( 10K ) has a short lower jaw ( mild brachygnathia ) that is curved to the left. The third frog ( 10L ) has a severely distorted jaw with an irregular margin that does not meet the margins of the upper jaw ( severe brachygnathia ) leaving a large open gap that makes closure impossible. 13