Computer Organisation

Basic Structures of Computers : Computer Types, Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, Bus Structures, Performance - Processor Clock, Basic Performance Equation, Clock Rate, Performance Measurement, Historical Perspective. Machine Instructions and Programs : Numbers, Arithmetic Operations and Characters, Memory Location and Addresses, Memory Operations, Instructions and Instruction Sequencing. Machine Instructions and Programs contd. : Addressing Modes, Assembly Language, Basic Input and Output Operations, Stacks and Queues, Subroutines, Additional Instructions, Encoding of Machine Instructions. Input/Output Organization : Accessing I/O Devices, Interrupts - Interrupt Hardware, Enabling and Disabling Interrupts, Handling Multiple Devices, Controlling Device Requests, Exceptions, Direct Memory Access, Buses. Input/Output Organization contd. : Interface Circuits, Standard I/O Interfaces - PCI Bus, SCSI Bus, USB. Memory System : Basic Concepts, Semiconductor RAM Memories, Read Only Memories, Speed, Size and Cost, Cache Memories - Mapping Functions, Replacement Algorithms, Performance Considerations. Memory System contd. : Virtual Memories, Secondary Storage. Arithmetic : Addition and Subtraction of Signed Numbers, Design of Fast Adders. Arithmetic contd. : Multiplication of Positive Numbers, Signed Operand Multiplication, Fast Multiplication, Integer Division, Floating-point Numbers and Operations. Basic Processing Unit : Some Fundamental Concepts, Execution of a Complete Instruction, Multiple Bus Organization, Hard-wired Control, Microprogrammed Control.