100 Determining Hours; Told and Untold Facts on 1953 United States Coup in Iran: 100 Sa`at-i Sarnevesht-Saaz; Gofteh ha wa Na-Gofteh hay-i Codetaay-i 28 Mordad-i America dar Iran (Persian Edition)

In 1951, Iran's oil industry was controlled by the British-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, now known as BP, was nationalized. Britain was unwilling to negotiate its single most valuable foreign asset, and instigated a worldwide boycott of Iranian oil to pressure Iran economically. Initially, Britain mobilized its military to seize control of the Abadan oil refinery, the world's largest, but Clement Attlee opted instead to tighten the economic boycott while using Iranian agents to undermine Mosaddegh's government. With a change to conservative governments in both Britain and the United States, Churchill and the U.S. Eisenhower administration decided to overthrow Iran's government. Britain and the U.S. selected Fazlollah Zahedi to be the prime minister of a military junta that was to replace Mosaddegh's government. Subsequently, a royal decree dismissing Mosaddegh and appointing Zahedi was issued in strange manner; i. e. Shah signed blank paper and then somebody filled (apparently Mr. Hir`rad) the text in an unskilled manner so one could find that the letter of dismiss was faked one; the reason that Mosaddegh did not accepted it. The CIA had successfully pressured the weak monarch to participate in the coup, while bribing street thugs, clergies, politicians and Iranian army officers to take part in a propaganda campaign against Mosaddegh and his government. At first, the coup appeared to be a failure when on the night of 15–16 August; Imperial Guard Colonel Nematollah Nassiri was arrested while attempting to arrest Mosaddegh. The Shah fled the country the next day. On 19 August, a pro-Shah mob, paid by the CIA, marched on Mosaddegh's residence. According to the CIA's declassified documents and records, some of the most feared mobsters in Tehran were hired by the CIA to stage pro-Shah riots on 19 August. Other CIA-paid men were brought into Tehran in buses and trucks, and took over the streets of the city. As the cover shows the Army men who hired by the CIA have wore the winter uniform while the coup was in a very hot day of summer. Between 300 and 800 people were killed because of the conflict. The coup was carried out by the U.S. administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower in a covert action advocated by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, and implemented under the supervision of his brother Allen Dulles, the Director of Central Intelligence. The coup was organized by the United States' CIA and the United Kingdom's MI6, two spy agencies that aided royalists and royalist elements of the Iranian army. According to a heavily redacted CIA document released to the National Security Archive in response to a Freedom of Information request, "Available documents do not indicate who authorized CIA to begin planning the operation, but it almost certainly was President Eisenhower himself. Eisenhower biographer Stephen Ambrose has written that the absence of documentation reflected the President's style." Operation Ajax's formal leader was senior CIA officer Kermit Roosevelt, Jr., while career agent Donald Wilber was the operational leader, planner, and executor of the deposition of PM Mosaddegh. The coup d'état depended on the impotent Shah's dismissing the Prime Minister and replacing him with Gen. Fazlollah Zahedi. The substantial benefits the United States reaped from overthrowing Iran's elected government included a share of Iran's oil wealth. As a condition for restoring the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, the U.S. required removal of the AIOC's monopoly; five American petroleum companies, Royal Dutch Shell, and the Compagnie Française des Pétroles, were to draw Iran's petroleum after the successful coup d'état. Washington continually supplied arms to the unpopular Shah, and the CIA-trained SAVAK, his repressive secret police force. This book is in 124 926 words